By Andrew
Quinn
WASHINGTON (Reuters) – The United States is working to push Sudan and South Sudan back from the brink of war as
the two sides ratchet up hostilities that threaten to upend the U.S.-backed peace deal that led to South Sudan’s
independence last year.
President Salva Kiir (L) and his Sudan counterpart Omar Hassan al-Bashir wave to the crowd during the Independence Day
ceremony in Juba, July 9, 2011. REUTERS/Thomas Mukoya
The Obama administration’s special envoy for Sudan,
Princeton Lyman, said on Thursday the situation was a “very serious crisis” that threatened wider conflict between the two
foes, which fought a brutal civil war for decades before finally signing a 2005 peace agreement.
But analysts said
Washington, which worked hard to ensure that South Sudan seceded peacefully last year under the terms of the 2005 pact, found
itself with very limited leverage.
“This is a level of hostility we haven’t seen for years,” said Jonathan Temin,
director of the Sudan program at the U.S. Institute of Peace, a government-funded Washington think tank. “For the U.S., good
options are limited right now.”
Lyman, speaking by telephone from Khartoum during a trip which also took him to the
South’s capital, Juba, said the Obama administration was working to nudge both sides back into discussions of their basic
security concerns while attempting to cool down the heated rhetoric.
“It’s not going to be easy. Emotions are running
very, very high,” Lyman said. “It is important that we get the parties and our international colleagues together around this
fundamental question of security.”
Sudan’s president, Omar Hassan al-Bashir, vowed on Thursday to teach South Sudan
“a final lesson by force” after it occupied a disputed oil field.
The South says the Heglig field, which accounts for
about half of the North’s remaining oil production, is in its territory. But Khartoum called the seizure an assault on its
sovereignty. U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on Thursday called the takeover “a clearly illegal act.” .
The
standoff over Heglig follows months of disputes over the position of the border, how much the landlocked South should pay to
transport its oil through Sudan, and the division of national debt, among other issues.
South Sudan in January shut
down its oil production of 350,000 barrels per day in protest after Khartoum began taking some of its oil, exacerbating
economic crises that have hobbled both countries. Khartoum says it took the oil as compensation for the use of its
transportation facilities.
Lyman said he urged South Sudan to pull out of Heglig, and believed the South Sudanese
leaders were caught by surprise by the strong international condemnation of the move.
SECURITY ISSUES
Lyman
said the United States, together with the African Union and the Arab League, would push for dialogue on three central
security points: the establishment of a 20-km (12-mile) demilitarized border zone, the end of support for proxy fighters and
a halt to rebel fighting in Sudan’s Southern Kordofan and Blue Nile states.
“That pulls together three critical
security issues, which are really what’s underneath these series of clashes that’s been going on since last June,” Lyman
said.
The United States also hopes that China – a major economic partner for both of the poor African neighbors –
would bring its influence to bear when South Sudan’s president, Salva Kiir, visits Beijing next week, Lyman said.
It
remained unclear whether anyone in Khartoum or Juba was ready to listen.
While Washington’s ties to Khartoum have
long been strained, it has also made surprisingly little headway with Juba despite the U.S. role as a major aid provider and
guarantor of the 2005 peace deal.
“They really need to be laying down the law to the government in Juba now,” said
Richard Downie, deputy director of the Africa program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies.
“The U.S.
has to be pulling out all the stops and get the South to withdraw from Heglig,” Downie said. “Right now we’re beyond a
worse-case scenario. You’ve got a war combined with an economic crisis combined with an oil shutdown, which is about as bad
as you can get.”
The U.N. Security Council has discussed the possibility of imposing sanctions on both Sudan and South
Sudan if the fighting does not stop – a potentially disastrous prospect for countries already on the verge of economic
meltdown.
“Just the fact that people are mentioning (sanctions) I hope sends the signal to both parties: this is very
serious business, it effects international peace and security and the parties must work with all of us to get it under
control,” Lyman said.